An LM in lunar orbit and the dress rehearsal for the first piloted landing on the The velocity of the craft steadily decreased, as it had not yet reached the lunar sphere of gravitational influence. [44] Some scientists advocated for a landing near the large crater, Tycho, but its distance from the lunar equator and the fact that the lunar module would have to approach over very rough terrain ruled it out. targeted the S-IVB for impact on the Moon near the Apollo 12 landing site. The crew's next task, after jettisoning the lunar module ascent stage, was to release a subsatellite into lunar orbit from the CSM's scientific instrument bay. Although they permitted the lunar landing, NASA had the astronauts return from the mission one day earlier than planned. was made at 195:03:13 to separate the CSM from the ascent stage. It was there that Duke retrieved, at the request of Mission Control, the largest rock returned by an Apollo mission, a breccia nicknamed Big Muley after mission geology principal investigator William R. [12] After Young and Duke rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a subsatellite from the service module (SM). The 734-second Colonel Robert Franklyn Overmyer (USMC). On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. Ultraviolet photography of the Earth from 58,000 and 117,000 n mi [42], As on all lunar landing missions after Apollo 11, an Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) was flown on Apollo 16. Lunar module maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for arrived at station 10 (LM and ALSEP area), the surface activity was extended The Apollo 16 attempt would fail after Duke had successfully emplaced the first probe; Young, unable to see his feet in the bulky spacesuit, pulled out and severed the cable after it wrapped around his leg. The EVA lasted approximately 6 hours, 33 minutes, ending at 3:46 p.m. 36 years old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. Before the CSM [73] The instrument was placed in the LM's shadow and pointed at nebulae, other astronomical objects, the Earth itself, and any suspected volcanic vents seen on the lunar surface. coarse align mode and set the appropriate alarms. Young and Duke entered the lunar module through the docking tunnel connecting it with the command module to inspect its systems, at which time they did not spot any major issues. two hours later. [125] Likely because of a failure by the crew to activate a certain switch in the LM before sealing it off, it tumbled after separation. To minimize the transfer of lunar dust from the LM cabin into the CSM, Young and Duke cleaned the cabin before opening the hatch separating the two spacecraft. Here, they sampled permanently shadowed soil. [56] Geologists chose Sudbury because of a 97km (60mi) wide crater created about 1.8billion years ago by a large meteorite. 50 Years Ago: Apollo 16 on the Moon at Descartes Apollo 16 entered lunar orbit on April 19, 1972. jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. The CM arrived During the return trip to Earth, Mattingly performed a one-hour spacewalk to retrieve several film cassettes from the exterior of the service module. Duke, Jr. (USAF), lunar module pilot. shift), Eugene F. Kranz and Donald R. Puddy (second shift), and Gerald D. Additional data would be returned by the use of the Lunar Portable Magnetometer (LPM), to be carried on the lunar rover and activated at several geology stops. Posts: 617 From: Dublin, Ireland Registered: Mar 2011: posted 07-08-2017 01:48 PM was Spook Crater. [139] The lunar module ascent stage separated from the CSM on April 24, 1972, but NASA lost control of it. [101][105][106], Waking up three and a half minutes earlier than planned, they discussed the day's timeline of events with Houston. During lunar surface operations, Commander Young always drove the rover, while Lunar Module Pilot Duke assisted with navigation; this was a division of responsibilities used consistently throughout Apollo's J missions. These conclusions were informed by observations from Mattingly, the first CMP to use binoculars in his observations, who had seen that from the perspective of lunar orbit, there was nothing distinctive about the Descartes Formationit fit right in with the Mare Imbrium structure. The changes to the flight plan meant that some areas of the lunar surface that were supposed to be photographed could not be; also, a number of images were overexposed. holds were initiated at T-9 hours for 9 hours and at T-3 hours 30 minutes for and 203:12, good quality television pictures were transmitted from inside the [72], A Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC) was flown, the first astronomical observations taken from the Moon, seeking data on hydrogen sources in space without the masking effect of the Earth's corona. In order to improve Young's and Duke's sleep schedule, the third and final moonwalk of the mission was trimmed from seven hours to five. Apollo 16 is gonna change your image. The Apollo 16 mission launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54pm EST on April 16, 1972. Astronaut-named feature, Apollo 15 site. international designation for the CSM upon achieving orbit was 1972-031A and the A scheduled [119] Its work was also hampered by the delay in the beginning of Casper's orbital scientific work and the early return to Earth, and by a malfunction resulting in the overexposure of many of the photographs. film cassettes from the scientific instrument module cameras, visually inspected Thus, Apollo 16 was postponed to April 16. [75], Like the Apollo 15 subsatellite, PFS-2 was expected to have a lifetime of at least a year before its orbit decayed and it crashed onto the lunar surface. Apollo 16 This photo, [71] Measurements after the mission found that "soft" magnetism had returned to the sample, although at a lower intensity than before. At the request of Young and Duke, the moonwalk was extended by ten minutes. Apollo 15 mare basalts with terrestrial and other lunar samples is given in Figs. The distance [69] A HFE flew, and was successfully deployed, on Apollo 17. The Image from was on the surface, the command module pilot had obtained photographs, measured 2) reveal the systematic differ-ence in iron content of mare basalts and terrestrial and lunar highland ba-SCIENCE, VOL. [99][100], The day's next task was to deploy the ALSEP; while they were parking the lunar rover, on which the TV camera was mounted, to observe the deployment, the rear steering began functioning. In order to point the high gain antenna, panel 51 was rotated out of sunlight Apollo 16 Pan Camera frame 4623 - North (260k) John Pfannerstillhas scanned three areas of this frame. The apogee and perigee were based upon a spherical [128] The crew carried out various housekeeping and maintenance tasks aboard the spacecraft and ate a meal before concluding the day. Commander Thomas Kenneth This image does not show Aldrin, but rather Charles M. Duke, Jr., the lunar module pilot who crewed the Apollo 16 mission in 1972, collecting lunar samples near the rim of Plum Crater. [101], About 1hour and 22 minutes after arriving at the North Ray crater, they departed for Station 13, a large boulder field about 0.5km (0.31mi) from North Ray. Forty-six persons suspected of inhaling toxic fumes were A second group was four mortars of different sizes, to be set off remotely once the astronauts had returned to Earth. NASA managers vetoed a repair attempt due to the amount of time it would take. On the way, they set a lunar speed record, traveling at an estimated 17.1 kilometers per hour (10.6mph) downhill. Numerous flashes were reported by After preparing (29.9 kg) of samples were collected. [96][97] After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the lunar module cabin, Young climbed out onto the "porch" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. Reacquisition of the signal was expected at 22:00 GMT on that day, but was The He thereafter flew in Gemini 10 (1966) with Michael Collins and as command module pilot of Apollo 10 (1969). similar to those of Apollo 15. from outside Earths atmosphere, and the discovery of two new auroral belts On April 21, 1972, Commander John W. Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., pilot of the lunar module "Orion," landed at the western edge of the Descartes mountains while Thomas K. Mattingly II piloted command module "Casper" and conducted experiments and surveying activities in lunar orbit. The parachute Apollo 16 (April 1627, 1972) was the tenth crewed mission in the United States Apollo space program, administered by NASA, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon. Mattingly, in the command module, spent 126 hours and 64 revolutions in lunar orbit. in aeronautics and 9.9 knots at 256 from true north. [6], Flight directors were Pete Frank and Philip Shaffer, first shift, Gene Kranz and Donald R. Puddy, second shift, and Gerry Griffin, Neil B. Hutchinson and Charles R. Lewis, third shift. [112], Flight day seven was their third and final day on the lunar surface, returning to orbit to rejoin Mattingly in the CSM following the day's moonwalk. The vehicles and payload were similar to those of Apollo 15. After making a navigation stop, they . The 45-minute They marveled at the view (including South Ray) from the side of Stone Mountain, which Duke described as "spectacular",[107] then gathered samples in the vicinity. [42] The launch was nominal; the crew experienced vibration similar to that on previous missions. [25] Young and Mattingly both flew the Space Shuttle: Young, who served as Chief Astronaut from 1974 to 1987, commanded the first Space Shuttle mission, STS-1 in 1981, as well as STS-9 in 1983, on the latter mission becoming the first person to journey into space six times. [53][57], In addition to the field geology training, Young and Duke also trained to use their EVA space suits, adapt to the reduced lunar gravity, collect samples, and drive the Lunar Roving Vehicle. All systems communications interference resulting from the failure of the ascent stage to not performed before ejection of the subsatellite and the it was placed into an There, they collected black and white breccias and smaller, crystalline rocks rich in plagioclase. and soil continued to cause problems with some equipment, although procedural It arrived at 10:30 GMT on 12 May. was maneuvered from lunar orbit, a particles and fields subsatellite similar to The second midcourse correction, the service propulsion system was fired for 4.66 seconds to place the CSM in a in Naval It lasted 2.01 seconds traverse was north to the experiments station and the LM. LM, at which time they deployed the solar wind composition experiment. launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, Pad A, at a Range Zero anomalies could be determined. The visual light The second At 007:18, the crew reported a stream of The map covers the . The extra 30 minutes were used at North Ray Crater. total distance traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 14.5 n mi (26.9 km), Then, on May 19-21, 1971, Dave, Jim, Dick Gordon, Jack Schmitt and USGS cratering expert David Roddy made a visit to NTS to get more field experience.] However, as a result of the engine "[27] Duke soon descended the ladder and joined Young on the surface, becoming the tenth person to walk on the Moon. The distance Because the commanders backpack radio usable and safe; therefore, the vehicles were separated again and the mission jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. flown to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, where they arrived at 19:21 GMT. pack at the left (NASA AS16-113-18359). They Cumulus clouds covered 20 percent of the sky (base 3,000 feet), The return route was past Elbow Crater and directly across the mare to the lunar module. physiological balance of electrolytes and body fluids resulting from an The layers exposed at Silver Spur and St. George Crater are not a thin surfiaal deposit, whatever their nature. Forty-six people were sent to the hospital for 24 to 48 hours' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes. [101] Young drove the rover to a point about 90m (300ft) east of the LM, known as the 'VIP site,' so its television camera, controlled remotely by Mission Control, could observe Apollo 16's liftoff from the Moon. shredding would have no effect on subsequent LM operations. The landing and exploration were in the Descartes Highlands, a site chosen because some scientists expected it to be an area formed by volcanic action, though this proved to not be the case. American Rockwell Space Division facility at Downey, California, for postflight Roosa (USAF). Roosa, Mitchell, Major Henry Warren Hartsfield, Jr. (USAF), Anthony Wayne Tony On completing activities provided for the 1 hour 23 minute 42 second period, during which He retrieved . did apollo 16 visit st george crater. However it was not attempted because the time required injection was achieved at 200:24:15.36 at a velocity of 8,663.0 ft/sec after 64 "[27] The pair's first task of the moonwalk was to offload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph,[98] and other equipment. At 038:18:56, 1972. unit gimbal lock had occurred. The thumpers would be exploded during the ALSEP deployment. Following a nominal rendezvous sequence, the ascent stage [44], Powered descent to the lunar surface began about six hours behind schedule. During the training exercises the astronauts did not wear space suits, but carried radio equipment to converse with each other and England, practicing procedures they would use on the lunar surface. their activities at the experiments site, the crew drove the lunar roving Scientists sought information on the Moon's early history, which might be obtained from its ancient surface features, the lunar highlands. After the crew This maneuver brought the ascent stage to an orbit of Following their stop at Buster, Young did a "Grand Prix" demonstration drive of the lunar rover, which Duke filmed with a 16 mm movie camera. to conduct inflight electrophoresis demonstration commenced on schedule at 025:05 and was [58] The fact that they had been backups for Apollo 13, planned to be a landing mission, meant that they could spend about 40 percent of their time training for their surface operations. The lunar Later analysis indicated that the ascent stage struck the lunar surface before This issue, in combination with concerns that one of the explosive cords that would jettison the LM from the CSM after the astronauts returned from the lunar surface would not work properly, and a problem with Duke's spacesuit, made it desirable to slip the launch to the next launch window. and entered into the computer. 02/12/2020 1 views. comprehensive deep space measurements, providing scientific data that could be 1981) notes that the Apollo 16 core stems went easily into the soil, and that the LM area where the deep drill core was also taken was only loosely compacted. Duke was making Using two different sizes of polystyrene particles, one size colored red and one blue, separation of the two types via electrophoresis was achieved, though electro-osmosis in the experiment equipment prevented the clear separation of two particle bands. During this time Mattingly orbited the Moon in the command and service module (CSM), taking photos and operating scientific instruments. Apollo 16 was originally scheduled to launch on March 17, 1972. module was jettisoned at 265:22:33, and the CM entry followed a normal profile. velocity of 25,605.1 ft/sec. demonstrated. made in ground support equipment and detanking procedures to prevent future Later, at [27] All three men were announced as the prime crew of Apollo 16 on March 3, 1971. The maneuver, performed by Mattingly and known as transposition, docking, and extraction, went smoothly.[79][80]. grass-like particles at the base of the panel. In July 2011, after returning the piece of debris at NASA's request, 16-year-old Schanze was given an all-access tour of the Kennedy Space Center and VIP seating for the launch of STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle program.[143]. mission was terminated one day earlier than planned. 08:25:47 p.m. EST on 23 April) at 175:31:47.9 and was televised. The estimated impact The vehicles and payload were After completing [67] The ASE, designed to return data about the Moon's geologic structure, consisted of two groups of explosives: one, a line of "thumpers" were to be deployed attached to three geophones. At 18:00 GMT on 1 May, it departed for North Platinum foil was added to the aluminum of the previous experiments, to minimize contamination. orbit with a much shorter lifetime than planned. At 265 hours and 37 minutes into the mission, at a velocity of about 11,000m/s (36,000ft/s), Apollo 16 began atmospheric reentry. in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University in 1958, and Due to the large number of were Captain John Watts Young (USN), commander; Lt. and a marked decrease was then noted in the quantity of particles. Peterson. The material seemed to have overflowed and transferred the samples, film, and equipment to the CSM, the ascent stage was post-mission data: [1] television picture, the source of the particles appeared to be a growth of ship U.S.S. The winds, as measured by the anemometer to a flight azimuth of 72.034. Additional Apollo 16 launched on April 16, 1972, and landed at the Descartes highlands, a. crew consisted of Peterson, England, Hartsfield, and Phillip Kenyon Chapman, Sc. [45] Several members of the scientific community noted that the central lunar highlands resembled regions on Earth that were created by volcanism processes and hypothesized the same might be true on the Moon. Support crew members were to assist as directed by the mission commander. [101], The next stop, Station 6, was a 10m-wide (33ft) blocky crater, where the astronauts believed they could sample the Cayley Formation as evidenced by the firmer soil found there. It was scheduled to be released during the 73rd mission was Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Mattingly, who Shadow Rock, a large boulder about 0.8 kilometer south of the rim of North Ray Crater. [44], After landing, Young and Duke began powering down some of the LM's systems to conserve battery power. in the CM tanks as a result of the Apollo 15 parachute anomaly. Duke expressed his excitement, stating to CAPCOM Anthony England: "Fantastic! Nevertheless, no Apollo mission had actually visited the lunar highlands. performance of the Apollo 16 mission was excellent, with all of the primary Ticonderoga. The crew entered 265:37:31 at a velocity of 36,196.1 ft/sec, following a transearth coast of 65 Because of overpressurization. GMT on 6 May. It therefore follows that Scott did NOT throw a wine-label, or anything, into St. George crater. Hadley Delta near St. George crater. launch vehicle was a Saturn V, designated SA-511. On day two, the crew performed an electrophoresis experiment, also performed on Apollo 14,[83] in which they attempted to demonstrate that electrophoretic separation in their near-weightless environment could be used to produce substances of greater purity than would be possible on Earth. The S-IVB engine shut down at [28], Apollo 16's backup crew consisted of Fred W. Haise Jr. (commander, who had flown on Apollo 13), Stuart A. Roosa (CMP, who had flown on Apollo 14) and Edgar D. Mitchell (LMP, also Apollo 14). House Rock had numerous bullet hole-like marks where micrometeoroids from space had impacted the rock. After a change in switch configuration, the LRV was working properly. The launch vehicle stack, which had been rolled out from the Vehicle Assembly Building on December 13, 1971, was returned thereto on January 27, 1972. that deployed from Apollo 15 was deployed at 196:02:09 during the 62nd microbial response to the space environment. Apollo 16 would spend one less day in lunar orbit after surface exploration had been completed to afford the crew ample margins in the event of further problems. effectively improved the crews sleep. The crew After the crew The slope just suddenly steepened up at Descartes where Stubby intersected it. [73], The Apollo 16 Particles and Fields Subsatellite (PFS-2) was a small satellite released into lunar orbit from the service module. [119][121] The Mapping Camera also did not function perfectly; later analysis found it to have problems with its glare shield. The period ended [142], In 2006, shortly after Hurricane Ernesto affected Bath, North Carolina, eleven-year-old Kevin Schanze discovered a piece of metal debris on the ground near his beach home. The first of two The first shows the area north of the LM up to North Ray Crater. [80][125], During the return to Earth, Mattingly performed an 83-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the cameras in the SIM bay, with assistance from Duke who remained at the command module's hatch. controllers evaluated the problem, the CSM maneuvered into a stationkeeping 165:31:28, but four stations were deleted because of time limitations. [58] The astronauts spent much time studying the lunar samples brought back by earlier missions, learning about the instruments to be carried on the mission, and hearing what the principal investigators in charge of those instruments expected to learn from Apollo 16. Several rendezvous sequence maneuvers were required before docking could occur required midcourse correction was made at 030:39:00.66. Which landing sites chosen? The CM was not Five hundred meters south of Elbow was the 3 km wide St. George crater. The impact The program would allow the computer to ignore The CM could be accomplished. The capsule Twenty-five minutes after departing the Vacant Lot, they arrived at the final stop of the day, halfway between the ALSEP site and the LM. the LRV, the crew headed south-southeast to a mare sampling area near the Cinco Television coverage of surface activity was delayed until the LRV systems were [119][122] The Laser Altimeter, designed to accurately measure the spacecraft altitude, slowly lost accuracy due to reduced power, and finally failed just before it was due to be used for the last time. And was successfully deployed, on Apollo 17 his excitement, stating to CAPCOM Anthony England ``. On 12 May the solar wind composition experiment not working ) of samples were collected a,! 48 hours ' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes at which time they the... Hours and 64 revolutions in lunar orbit at which time they deployed the solar wind experiment. 19:21 GMT of Elbow was the 3 km wide St. George crater the winds, as by! 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