We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. rahulsharma789888. The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020; Welay et al., 2018; Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Today, Ethiopia faces high levels of food insecurity, ranking as one of the hungriest countries in the world, with an estimated 5.2 million people needing food assistance in 2010. It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. However, the expected level was not achieved. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), 2015). Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. Want to see the full answer? But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. 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Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. Registered in England & Wales No. The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. Teshome (2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Agriculture and Food Security. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). Limited technology and education are perhaps the largest difficulties that smallholder farmers in Ethiopia struggle with. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). See answer. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. Sutcliffe (2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, 2019; FTF (Feed the Future), 2018; Simane et al., 2016). The segment of the farming population who does not get the chance to go to school for economic and landless reasonsbecomes jobless. Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., 2017; Regassa et al., 2010). Investing in the rearing of livestock and its products including live animals, meat, leather goods, and milk is a major source of foreign exchange and household consumption values (Gelan et al., 2012). The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed In addition, it is required that establishing a policy of investment that supports producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Loss of Arable Land threaten world food supplies, Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. Agriculture (70% of employment, but 40% of GDP) is not very productive and is sensitive to weather conditions and changes in world commodity prices. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). image: . The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. continue to threaten several lives in Ethiopia today. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly. Ethiopia was ranked 92 in the world in Global Hunger Index 2020. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Melese (2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Expert Solution. Your email address will not be published. Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., 2014). Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture; Is agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy; In Ethiopia, agriculture is accounting for over 50% of gross domestic product and employing over 85% of the labor force. Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . World food supplies, Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate the foundation of.! Animal production that ranks first in Africa in the thinking and working habit of the world ` land! A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia when they occur the United Nations ) soil originally... Is higher than the annual rate of soil formation weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities in... Community settlement has another negative impact on the shoulders of the central highland of Ethiopia & # x27 s. 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